The Uniform Expansion of Space-time
by John M. Kulick Updated May 10, 2004
Abstract
The following hypothetical model describes a uniform geometric expansion of space-time. Every atom, not just every galaxy, is the perceived center of an expanding universe. Since all rulers and timepieces are uniformly affected by the uniform expansion, based upon specific geometric relationships, no locally observed changes in any of the fundamental constants and conservation principles are measured with local rulers and timepieces. The establishment of an Absolute reference frame exempt from the uniform expansion results in additional dimensional measures of reality that allows the description of the uniform expansion. This expansion is only detectable when there is a historical separation of points in space-time. Relative and Absolute measures are directly associated with two unique dimensions of time, Relative and Absolute time. Relative time describes the time interval between two points, as described by the speed of light, thereby maintaining the locally observed principles of Special Relativity. Absolute time describes a points location historically from the beginning of time. Paul Dirac's belief that the "Gravitational Constant" would decrease with the passage of Cosmic Time, or Absolute time, is predicted since absolute density decreases with the expansion of space. Locally this change in the effect of gravity will be undetectable. Non-baryonic matter is not necessary in this model to preserve celestial stability. The expansion must conform to a specific geometric rate in order to preserve Atomic and Celestial stability. Newtons Laws of gravity are predicted. The dimensional relationship describing space-time and matter is the same, D^3/T^2.
Since this is a geometric model, the dimensional relationships can be "drawn". It is recommended to first review the Figures illustrating the basic inter and extra dimensional relationships that are being proposed. The links on the upper left of this web page will go to the Figures.
Also, those who wish to post a response to the proposed work, please send an email. (link to email found in list to the left or bottom of page. Thank you).
I Introduction
This hypothetical model describing the relationships between space and time is based on a simple idea; the geometrical expansion of space-time includes everything, even matter itself. Current, (2004) texts on astronomy stop the expansion of Space-time at the boundary of galaxies. Galaxies are assumed to be gravitationally bound, thereby exempting them from the expansion of space. There is good reason to avoid extending the expansion to include matter. Such an expansion initially seems unlikely, basic principles such as the conservation of energy, and momentum would appear to be violated. Not only that, but atomic and celestial stability would seem to be destroyed. A uniform expansion also results in apparently no possible way to even detect the expansion since it would include all the rulers necessary to measure the expansion. For now, it is hoped the reader will allow the conjecture long enough to see how the theoretical model addresses these issues.
There are some benefits to the proposed model, making it worth the struggle to consider someone elses ideas.
1. The effect of gravity becomes a function of time, with the effect of gravity being greater in the past. Paul Dirac and George Gamow (Noble prize winners in physics) also believed gravity decreased with the passage of Cosmic Time but they never derived a viable model. *
2. The theoretical model proposed is conformant and predictive of Newtons experimentally derived Laws of gravity.
3. The assumption for non-baryonic dark matter is not required to preserve celestial stability.
4. The dark energy driving the expansion of space conforms to a specific dynamic structure tied to our reality.
5. The model is mathematically simple, only basic algebra and introductory calculus is used to explain the geometric structure of an expanding space-time field.
6. A number of cosmological or astronomical anomalies can be resolved. These will be discussed in some detail in another paper.
7. The model lends itself as a means to unite cosmological physics with quantum physics since the proposed expansion occurs probabilistically at the quantum scale of observation. The result of space-time expanding a quanta at a time results in the quantum physics.
8. The model is consistent with the epistemological considerations associated with special relativity and general relativity in that the formulas proposed are described by dimensional relationships between distance and time.
9. The model implies that matter is a property described by dimensional relationships of distance and time, M = D^3/T^2. This will be shown to be consistent with the principle of Equivalence.
10. The model is philosophically appealing. All points in the Universe are at the perceived center of a uniform expansion.
* (George Gamow writes in his book Thirty Years That Shook Physics the following. It was once suggested by Dirac that the Newtons constant of gravity is not really a constant but a variable which decreased in inverse proportion to the age of the Universe. And he may very well be right!. Dirac also published at least one paper on the topic).
There are a number of nagging questions that arise from stopping the expansion of space-time at the boundary of galaxies. Most of these questions have proposed theoretical answers that as of yet have to be conformed by observation.
1. Where is the energy that is driving the expansion coming from? (What and where is Dark energy?)
2. Why is the rate of expansion apparently occurring at exactly the correct rate to be balanced between expansion and collapse? (Why is the universe flat?)
3. Where is all this dark matter? What is dark matter?
4. How can some stars appear to be older than the universe?
5. How can evenly dispersed ionized gas clump into massive structures since the big bang spreads everything apart?
6. If gravitational collapse of material in space formed planets with metal cores, shouldnt the sun also have a metal core?
7. Since our sun looks like so many other stars in the universe, do most of the other stars have iron cores? If so where did all the iron come from?
8. There is evidence our sun blew up 5 billion years ago, (Based upon evidence discovered by of Professor O.K. Manuel (http://www.microsoft.com/isapi/redir.dll?prd=ie&pver=6&ar=msnhome ). This seems preposterous since a supernova would destroy an entire planetary system, yet ours exists. How can this contradiction be resolved?
9. Why is the image size of radio galaxies non-conformit to theoretical predictions?
10. How can quasars put out so much energy in such a small region of space?
11. If a massive black hole is in the center of all galaxies, how does a galaxy evolve without consuming itself? How is the balance between existence and self-destruction maintained?
12. How can Mars with such a low surface gravity ever have an atmosphere that was dense enough to form rain clouds?
13. Why was the rate of growth and energy output of dinosaurs so much greater than the living organisms of today?
14. It is predicted that an object traveling at the speed of light does not change since time stands still for the moving object. How can the wavelength of a photon increase while traveling through space?
15. If one gram of mass were converted to light energy, sent off into space and reflected back, and then converted to back to mass, there would not be one gram of material left. What happened to conservation of Mass?
16. If one gram of electrons were sent off at 99.9999 percent of the speed of light and returned, would there be a similar loss of mass? Where did the electrons go?
17. Isnt it inconsistent to state that the expansion of space-time results in a loss of energy outside of galaxies, but not within galaxies?
18. Why does light behave as a wave and a particle?
19. Since all points in space-time are separated by an interval of time, it is impossible for all points in space-time to agree on a simultaneous event. This in conflict the observation associated with the big bang in that all points in space-time would agree on the same simultaneous event associated with the beginning of the universe.
20. How does the transition between a singularity to an expanding space-time field occur? How does it create different properties such as charge or gravitational relationships?
21. Why is it that thousands of the best minds in physics, including Einstein himself, working for the last 50 plus years, have not been able to unite the fundamental forces into a comprehensive and consistent model?
22. Why is the speed of light the speed of light? Why is Planks constant the value it is? Should these and other fundamental constants that describe reality conform to some overall physical structure?
All the above questions have had proposed answers, but the issues remain. The field is ripe for conjecture.
